All parties to the armed conflict carried out indiscriminate attacks killing hundreds of civilians. The right to freedom of expression was suppressed; two journalists were killed and others were beaten, threatened, harassed and intimidated, and subjected to arbitrary arrest. The government’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic remained inadequate and only 5.1% of the population had been vaccinated by December; health workers were particularly exposed to infection risks and suffered poor and unsafe working conditions. Hundreds of thousands of people were displaced. In Somaliland, the authorities continued to censor critics and journalists and carried out large scale forced evictions and transfer of people in Las Anod town.
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