This report demonstrates the range of violations on international fair trial standards in the Middle East and North Africa. It includes chapters on prisoners of conscience and vulnerable groups, pre-trial irregularities, lack of access to lawyers, confessions, inhuman and degrading punishments, appeals procedures, retrials, special courts and emergency legislation. Appendix I lists ratifications of selected international human rights treaties by states in the Middle East and North Africa and appendix II contains Articles 9 and 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).