Amnesty International carried out desk and field research in eleven Indigenous communities in Espinar, which included analysis of metals and toxic substances in 150 people and water quality. The organization found levels of metals and toxic substances in the study participants that demonstrate the health risk to which the indigenous communities are exposed and which must be addressed as an emergency. It also found that 115 samples of water used for human consumption tested positive for total coliforms, which means that the water is not clean and safe.