These written observations were submitted to the European Court of Human Rights by Amnesty International in the case of Muhammad & Muhammad v Romania. The observations primarily focus on the use of classified material in ‘closed’ judicial proceedings (i.e. proceedings in which one party and their representative of choice are excluded for reasons of national security). In doing so, this submission addresses access to justice and effective remedy and related requirements in terms of access to evidence, and specific human rights risks associated with the use of closed judicial proceedings in removal proceedings, including in relation to non-refoulement.