Against the backdrop of severe restrictions on human rights, Rwandans will be heading to the polls on 15 July 2024 to vote in both presidential and parliamentary elections. The political opposition continue to face severe restrictions to their right to freedom of association, as well as threats, arbitrary detention, prosecution on trumped-up charges, killings and enforced disappearances. Independent civil society and the media also face many attacks, intimidation, harassment and reprisals for their work. This all has a chilling effect and limits the space for debate for people in Rwanda.