This briefing summarizes Amnesty International’s views about Australia’s implementation of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. It focuses on: the lack of a comprehensive framework for the implementation of the Convention obligations; the decision not to sign the Optional Protocol; gaps in the Government’s compliance with its obligation to avoid refoulement; systemic factors that underlie high rates of deaths of Indigenous Australians in custody; and failure to exert jurisdiction to investigate credible claims of torture of Australian nationals detained by the United States Government.