On 1 July 2008, thousands of people protested at Sukhbaatar Square, Ulaannbaatar, amid allegations of widespread election fraud. The riot was unexpected and unexpectedly violent. Over 700 people were arrested on the night. This report examines allegations of excessive and unnecessary use of force, including lethal force, and torture and other ill-treatment in detention. The failure to seriously investigate allegations of torture and other ill-treatment or to prosecute those suspected of carrying out and ordering the use of live ammunition raises key concerns of impunity.